Thursday, 20 March 2014

"Against the Odds" biographies (1)

Lent reflections 
used at St Andrew's Dawson Street Crook by Ray Anglesea

At our Spring URC Ministers Retreat a hymn was sung at Evening Prayer from the URC hymn book – Percy Dearmer’s hymn (528) “Jesus good above all other.” I noticed the word in the final line of verses 1 and 5 – “give us grace to persevere,” – “and with joy we’ll persevere” 

Persevere. Often people ask me how I am. I usually reply, “Ok, bashing on, observing the 11th commandment, Thou shalt bash on.”

For most of us the Christian life is about bashing on, about perseverance. Often it is a long haul, persisting often amid setbacks and frustrations and continuing to ask and to seek and to knock at the door. Alas the Christian faith is not like the final act of a Pantomime at the Durham Gala Theatre where everything is effortlessly changed so that there is no more uncertainty, no more struggle, no more darkness and despair. That might indeed be the case if the Christian gospel was one of cheap grace – of forgiveness without repentance, of healing without vulnerability, of progress without setbacks and gain without pain. However, it is not – it is one of costly grace and in the words of the 20th century German theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer, “Costly grace is the gospel which must be sought again and again, the gift which must be asked for, the door at which a person must knock.”

Yet perseverance often brings out the best in people’s character – traits such as discipline, self control, gratitude, zest, optimism, curiosity, courage and conscientiousness – what we might call grit: the ability to keep going, to keep bashing on, despite repeated failures and setbacks. People with perseverance and grit grow. People without it are either defeated by life’s challenges – or more likely – become risk averse. They play it safe - although anyone like me who spends time listening to life stories often comes to marvel at humankind’s resilience and survival instincts. And that experience of resilience or survival, changes people, for good or ill, for joy or sorrow.

I am often fascinated by the stories of people who persevered, who overcame repeated failure and rejection. The lonely single mother close to destitution who sat in coffee bars writing children’s novels to earn some money only to find that the first 12 publishers to whom she sent the manuscript rejected it. She kept going. Her name is J. K. Rowling. Another book written for children was rejected by 21 publishers. The book was eventually published. It was called Lord of the Flies, and its author William Golding eventually won the Nobel Prize for Literature. The most famous failure of our time must be the late Steve Jobs. Three blows of fate shaped his life: dropping out of university, being fired from the company he founded, Apple, and being diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. Rather than being defeated by them, he turned them all to creative use, eventually returning to Apple and developing 3 of the iconic inventions of our time, the iPod, the iPhone and the iPad. In 1962 four young men were told at the Abbey Road studios that guitar bands were on their way out. The verdict was “The Beatles have no future in showbusines.” J.K Rowling, William Golding, Steve Jobs and the Beatles were not as far as I know religious people, but some people just persevere, they have learned to embrace failure instead of fearing it.

Such people inspire me. On my Christian journey I have discovered that God has faith in me rather than I have faith in God. He lifts me every time I fail. He forgives me every time I fail. He believes in me more than I believe in myself. He mends my broken heart. I never cease to be moved by the words of Isaiah: “Even youths grow tired and weary and the young may stumble and fall, but those who hope in the Lord renew their strength, they soar on wings like eagles, they run and don’t grow weary, they walk and don’t grow faint.”

This year I thought we might look at a number of biographies of some distinguished Christians each Sunday in Lent who have persevered in their faith that “great cloud of witnesses” that the author of the book of Hebrews has it, who despite constant setbacks, have continued in the faith and who act as a beacon, whose integrity to the gospel positively inspires us on our journey of faith. We shall end at the start of Holy week with a twentieth Christian Martyr, one who gave his life for the gospel that he loved.

Here are my list of candidates:-

Sunday 9th March: Nelson Mandela (1918-2013)
Sunday 16th March: Gladys Aylward (1902-1970)
Sunday 23 March: Etty (Esther) Hillesum (1914-1943)
Sunday 30th March: Gerard Manley Hopkins (1844-1889)
Sunday 6th April: George Eliot (1819-1880)
Sunday 13th April: Oscar Romero (1917-1980)
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Nelson Mandela
Sunday 9th March

The Old Testament is based around two stories. One is about liberation, the other about salvation. The first story we call Egypt. It’s about how God led the chosen people out of oppression to freedom. The second story we call Babylon. It’s about how the chosen people were in exile, but yet discovered a God who grieves our oppression more than we do. The story of Nelson Mandela brings together these two stories. In prison for 27 years, he knew the experience of Babylon, of being in exile and of losing his land and his liberty. But in prison God crafted in him the character that would become the template for how black South Africans would be delivered from oppression. And so on his release he took on the mantle of Egypt, he led his people like Moses and showed them the way to the promised land of a Rainbow Nation. The great miracle of the exodus from Egypt was the parting of the Red Sea, and in the miracle of the peaceful transfer of power in South Africa we can see an echo of that miracle of God.

It would be hard to name a world figure in the last 30 years more universally respected than Nelson Mandela. Great injustice is overcome only by great courage. Evil can never be placated, it must be defeated: that means struggle, and struggles demand courage.
Nelson Mandela showed his courage by his determination in the face of evil and by his humanity in the experience of victory. What is more, such courage and humanity were learned and demonstrated in the mists of conflict and suffering. He was that rarest of leaders, those who learn from terrible events so as to exhaust all their lessons, rather than being shaped by them into bitterness and hatred.

In the film Invictus, which tells the story of the new South Africa against the backdrop of the 1995 Rugby World Cup, the victorious captain Francois Pienaar stands on the platform to receive the trophy. In a country where rugby represented the old regime, President Mandela leans toward the captain, and, recognising the unifying power of this victory, says, ‘Thank you for what you have done for South Africa.’ In a moment that crystallises the grace and pride of the new rainbow nation, Francois Pienaar pauses and responds, ‘President Mandela, thank you for what you have done for South Africa.’

Throughout history, this story of liberation has been one to which those who are suffering oppression have turned. It is hard to remember today the full evil of apartheid. Mandela was was baptised in a small Methodist stone church in the Eastern Cape village of Qunu, he later attended a Methodist Church School and recalled how at school, and in every part of his life, he felt its injustice. Oppression was his life, and those of the vast majority of the people of South Africa. Even though Mandela led his revolution through political maneuvers, in his autobiography, Long Walk to Freedom, he reflected on the work of the church in South Africa regarding the overthrow of apartheid: “The Church was as concerned with this world as the next: I saw that virtually all of the achievements of Africans seemed to have come about through the missionary work of the Church.”

But Mandela had courage that showed itself in leadership. He stood out, resisted, and fought. He faced the insult of being labelled a terrorist for fighting for his own people, the absurdity of trial for treason against an utterly wicked regime. At the height of the Cold War, with South Africa seen by many as a dependable ally protecting the seas around the Cape of Good Hope, he had little overseas support. One of the great pressures of conflict is loneliness: he faced solitude and isolation and continued the struggle.

Resisting evil is a call of God. Christians disagree about whether force is justifiable, but are at one that resistance is essential. Easy to say, how hard to act! More than that, the act of resistance opens our souls to harm. In fighting hatred, we risk becoming what we resist. History is full, especially in the 20th century, of evil overthrown - to be replaced by worse.
Archbishop Tutu commented, "I often surprise people when I say this. Suffering can lead to bitterness. But suffering is also the infallible test of the openness of a leader, of their selflessness. When Mandela had gone to jail, he had been one of the most angry. The suffering of those 27 years helped to purify him and grow the magnanimity that would become his hallmark. Jail helped Mandela learn how to make enemies into friends. It also gave him an unassailable credibility. When you speak of forgiveness, 27 years in prison sets you up very nicely.”

"27 years in prison sets you up very nicely." Only someone like Tutu has the right to say that, because he took the same risks. 27 years, add it to your age, think about what you would be like at the end. 27 years of hard labour, pointless oppression, petty insults. Yet in that school of hatred he learned to treasure the ideal of a just nation. That is a second aspect of his uniqueness. His courage was undefeated, indomitable, extraordinary. His capacity to go on becoming more human was breathtaking. His guards grew to respect and even love him. One called him a father figure, whose absence was a bereavement. Robben Island was defeated by someone who could take everything it threw at him, and by melting courage into forgiveness, create the gold of reconciliation.

In the Exodus story God brings freedom, but the Israelites have to struggle and trust. So it is with us. Jesus Christ gives us freedom. We must take it and struggle for it and stand for it, as did Nelson Mandela. And yet there is more.

Peter, one of Jesus’ disciples looks for (in St Matthew’s gospel), a natural limit to forgiveness. Jesus' answer says there is no limit. Don't do the arithmetic, learn the point. We are called to forgive forever. Few manage it. Nelson Mandela was one of the few. He did not merely call for resistance, he led it. He did not merely demonstrate and call for forgiveness, he put in place a constitution and governing system that faced evil and defeated it with truth and reconciliation. Leadership is not seen merely in policy, but making policy practice. It is what Jesus calls his followers to do along with him.

And there lies the challenge. Where do we find those who carry on his and persevere in the work of reconciliation?


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Gladys Aylward
Sunday 16th March
Gladys May Aylward was a British missionary to China whose story was told in the book The Small Woman by Alan Burgess published in 1957. In 1958, the story was made into a Holywood movie the Inn of the Sixth Happiness, starring Ingrid Bergman. 

Born in London she worked for several years as a parlormaid, and then attended a revival meeting at which the preacher spoke of dedicating one's life to the service of God. At the age of 26, she became a probationer at the China Inland Mission Centre in London, but failed to pass the examinations. As she worked at other jobs and saved money she heard of a 73-year-old missionary, Mrs. Jeannie Lawson, who was looking for a younger woman to carry on her work. Gladys wrote to Mrs. Lawson and was accepted if she could get to China. She did not have enough money for the ship fare, but did have enough for the train fare, and so in October of 1930 she set out from London with her passport, her Bible, her tickets, and two pounds ninepence, to travel to China by the Trans-Siberian Railway, despite the fact that China and the Soviet Union were engaged in an undeclared war. She arrived in Vladivostok and sailed from there to Japan and from Japan to Tientsin, and thence by train, then bus, then mule, to the inland city of Yangchen, in the mountainous province of Shansi, a little south of Peking (Beijing). Most of the residents had seen no Europeans other than Mrs. Lawson and now Miss Aylward. They distrusted them as foreigners, and were not disposed to listen to them.

Yangchen was an overnight stop for mule caravans that carried coal, raw cotton, pots, and iron goods on six-week or three-month journeys. It occurred to the two women that their most effective way of preaching would be to set up an inn. The building in which they lived had once been an inn, and with a bit of repair work could be used as one again. They laid in a supply of food for mules and men, and when next a caravan came past, Gladys dashed out, grabbed the rein of the lead mule, and turned it into their courtyard. It went willingly, knowing by experience that turning into a courtyard meant food and water and rest for the night. The other mules followed, and the muleteers had no choice. They were given good food and warm beds at the standard price, and their mules were well cared for, and there was free entertainment in the evening--the inkeepers told stories about a man named Jesus. After the first few weeks, Gladys did not need to kidnap customers -- they turned in at the inn by preference. Some became Christians, and many of them (both Christians and non-Christians) remembered the stories, and retold them more or less accurately to other muleteers at other stops along the caravan trails. Gladys practiced her Chinese for hours each day, and was became fluent and comfortable with it. Mrs. Lawson sadly suffered a severe fall, and died a few days later. Gladys Aylward was left to run the mission alone.

During her time in Yangcheng Aylward for a time she served as an assistant to the Chinese government as a "foot inspector" by touring the countryside to enforce the new law against footbinding young Chinese girls. She met with much success in a field that had produced much resistance, including sometimes violence against the inspectors. Aylward became a Chinese citizen in 1936 and was a revered figure among the people, taking in orphans and adopting several herself, intervening in a volatile prison riot and advocating prison reform, risking her life many times to help those in need. The people began to call Gladys Aylward "Ai-weh-deh," which means "Virtuous One." It was her name from then on.

In 1938, the region was invaded by Japanese forces. Japanese planes bombed the city of Yangcheng, killing many and causing the survivors to flee into the mountains. Five days later, the Japanese Army occupied Yangcheng. The Mandarin gathered the survivors and told them to retreat into the mountains for the duration. He also announced that he was impressed by the life of Ai-weh-deh and wished to make her faith his own. As the war continued Gladys often found herself behind Japanese lines, and often passed on information, when she had it, to the armies of China, her adopted country.  As the war progresses Gladys was determined to flee to the government orphanage at Sian, bringing with her the children she had accumulated, about 100 in number. With the children in tow, she walked for twelve days. Some nights they found shelter with friendly hosts. Some nights they spent unprotected on the mountainsides. On the twelfth day, they arrived at the Yellow River, with no way to cross it. All boat traffic had stopped, and all civilian boats had been seized to keep them out of the hands of the Japanese. Eventually a boat was found and the party crossed, and after a few more difficulties Ai-weh-deh delivered her charges into competent hands at Sian, and then promptly collapsed with typhus fever and sank into delirium for several days.

As her health gradually improved, she started a Christian church in Sian, and worked elsewhere, including a settlement for lepers in Szechuan, near the borders of Tibet. Her health was permanently impaired by injuries received during the war, and in 1947 she returned to England for a badly needed operation. She remained in England, preaching there.

In 1957, Alan Burgess wrote a book about her, The Small Woman later to become the film we all know.  When Newsweek magazine reviewed the movie, and summarized the plot, a reader, supposing the story to be fiction, wrote in to say, "In order for a movie to be good, the story should be believable!" 

Gladys Aylward, the Small Woman, Ai-weh-deh, died 3 January 1970 just short of her 67th birthday, and is buried in a small cemetery on the campus of Christ's College in Guandu, New Taipei, Taiwan.  Shortly after her death, an Edmonton secondary school formerly known as Weir Hall was renamed Gladys Aylward School in her honour (now renamed Aylward Academy).


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Etty (Esther) Hillesum
Sunday 23 March 2014

Etty Hillesum was from a Dutch Jewish family. After leaving school she studied law and languages at university in Amsterdam, making a living as a housekeeper and by giving private lessons in Russian. Etty was intelligent, outgoing and inquisitive. She felt she could be all over the place at times, lacking self-discipline and depth. Her diary opens with her describing the gap between the outwardly social and confident young woman her friends knew and the inwardly tortured and muddled person she sometimes felt herself to be. Helped by a psychotherapist friend she began a spiritual search, spending regular times in meditation. She began to keep a diary, through which she expressed the ups and downs of her relationships, her quest for a more centred life and, increasingly, her reliance on God.
With the Nazi occupation of Holland Etty’s daily life became subject to more and more restrictions. She refused to go into hiding, not wishing to abandon her fellow Jews, and preferring to stay with the truth she had come to: that life remains rich and beautiful if only you remain open to receive it as it is. Eventually she was moved to a transit camp for Jews in Eastern Holland from where she continued to write letters to her friends. She was later transferred to Auschwitz.
Etty Hillesum wrote in her diary: "Sometimes when I stand in some corner of the camp, my feet planted on earth, my eyes raised towards heaven, tears run down my face, tears of deep emotion and gratitude." Not a young girl's summer camp diary; the camp she speaks of was a Nazi death camp. What Etty Hillesum stands for is gratefulness against all the odds. This makes her shine as an example for all of us, a witness to sheer enthusiasm for life.
According to the Red Cross, Etty died, aged 29, at Auschwitz on 30 November 1943. Her brother Mischa died on 31 March 1944, also at Auschwitz. Etty's father and mother either died during transport to Auschwitz or were gassed immediately upon arrival. The date of death given was 10 September 1943.
Her letters and meticulous diaries survived in the hands of friends and were eventually published. What is striking in reading them is how as her outer life became more restricted, her inner self expanded enabling her to face the reality of the suffering within and around her and still find life meaningful.
In the words of Pope Benedict XVI, in his first general audience on after his resignation:“...I am also thinking of Etty Hillesum, a young Dutch girl of Jewish origin who died in Auschwitz. At first far from God, she discovered him looking deep within her and she wrote: “There is a really deep well inside me. And in it dwells God. Sometimes I am there, too. But more often stones and grit block the well, and God is buried beneath. Then he must be dug out again” (Diaries, 97). In her disrupted, restless life she found God in the very midst of the great tragedy of the 20th century: the Shoah. This frail and dissatisfied young woman, transfigured by faith, became a woman full of love and inner peace who was able to declare: “I live in constant intimacy with God"...”
Benedict XVI. "General Audience (Ash Wednesday), 13 February, 2013




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